1453 年，英国在百年战争中最后战败。此时英国的权力掌握在许多富有而野心勃勃的贵族手里。因为 百年战争已结束，他们企图以控制国内政府来实现其野心。另外还有一大批失业的士兵。但大多数普通民 众的利益则未被深深卷入。
In 1453 England was at last defeated in the Hundred Years 'War. At that time power in England was in the hands of a number of rich and ambitious nobles. Because the Hundred Years' War ended, they had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt to dominate the government at home. There was also a mass of unemployed soldiers. The interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged.
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1455 年，当亨利六世(1422-1491)神精失常并把政府交给摄政王管理时，战争爆发。约克家族成员由约克公爵理查德领导，兰开斯特家族成员由塞默特公爵领导。1459 年至 1460 年间双方多次交战。1461 年约克公爵的儿子爱德华获胜从而成为爱德华四世(1461-1483)。战争期间大部分时间都由爱德华统治。他着手恢复皇家财政以及国家被破坏的出口贸易，国家得到一定程度的繁荣。
In 1455, after Henry VI (1422－1461) had completely lost his reason and government put in to the hands of a Protector, war broke out between the Yorkists led by Richard, Duke of York, and the Lancastrians led by John Beaufout, Duke of Somerset. More wars were fought between the two sides in 1459 and 1460. In 1461 the Duke of York's son, Edward, emerged the victor, and was proclaimed as Edward IV (1461-1483). Edward reigned for most of the duration of these wars. He set about restoring he finances of the Crown and the disrupted export trade of the country, and gave the country a measure of prosperity.
1483 年爱德华四世去世，他十三岁的儿子被宣布继位，称爱德华五世(1483 年)。在等待加冕仪式时， 新王和他弟弟被安置在伦敦塔暂住。爱德华四世的弟弟，格鲁切斯特公爵理查德此时已被任命为护国公(摄政王)。年幼的国王爱德华五世和他弟弟神秘地失踪，很可能被谋杀在伦敦塔里。格鲁切斯特公爵理查德在盛大仪式中加冕为理查德三世。
Edward IV died in 1483 and his thirteen-year-old son was proclaimed his successor as Edward V (1483). While awaiting his coronation the new King and his younger brother were lodged in the Tower of London. Edward IV's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had been appointed to the office of Protector. The young King Edward V and his brother mysteriously disappeared. They were probably murdered in the Tower. Richard of Gloucester was crowned in great splendor
and became Richard III.
1485 年 8 月 22 日，在莱切斯特郡的博斯沃思原野进行了玫瑰战争的最后一战。战斗在理查德三世和另一王位争夺者亨利.都铎之间进行。亨利.都铎是威尔士血统的欧文.都铎的孙子，也是兰开斯特公爵贡特. 约翰之后裔。在此战役中，理查德三世丢失了皇位和性命。亨利.都铎取胜不久就娶了约克家族的伊丽莎白 (爱德华四世的女儿)，这样就把兰开斯特家族和约克家族联合在了一起，国家处于都铎王朝统治之下。
On August 22,1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the Wars of the Roses was fought between Richard III and another claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, part-Welsh grandson of Owen Tudor and descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. In the battle Richard III lost his crown and his life. Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (Edward IV's daughter) , thus uniting the Houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.
都铎王朝的五位君主统治英格兰和威尔士达一百多年。他们在较短时间内取得了很大的成就。亨利.都铎成为亨利七世(1485-1509)，他强有力地统治了英国。尽管亨利七世是强大的国王，却不同于当时的任何欧洲君主。 后者热心于建立君主拥有"绝对"权威的国家。换而言之，他们拥有绝对权力，却没有义务与任何咨询机构讨论政策。但正如我们所知，这对亨利七世而言是不可能的，英国议会已是相当重要的机构，国王必须征询其意见，即使是仅为获得议会的拨款也得这样做。
Five Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for just over one hundred years. In a short time span they achieved a great deal. Henry Tudor became Henry VII (1485-1509) He gave England very firm rule. Although a strong king, Henry VII was a very different type of king from any European monarchs of that time. They were keen to make nation states where the monarch was "absolute". In other words, they had total power, under no obligation to discuss their policies with any consultative body. This was not possible for Henry VII because, as we have seen, Parliament in England was already a fairly important body, which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon.
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